They also reported that increased craving for Internet video games correlated literature review on video game addiction increased activity in the anterior cingulate for all participants.
This quasi-experimental study is insightful for it not only offered literature review on video game addiction for a dissimilar brain activity in online gaming addicts compared to a halimbawa ng baby thesis in filipino player control group, but it also elucidated brain activation that occurs as a consequence of playing in both groups. This indicates that i craving for online games alters brain activity irrespective of addiction status and might therefore be seen as a prodromal symptom of addiction, and that ii addicted players can be distinguished from non-addicted online gamers by a different literature review on video game addiction of brain activation.
The sample comprised 19 college students with Internet addiction and 19 controls. Regional homogeneity indicates temporal homogeneity of brain oxygen levels in literature review on video game addiction regions of interest.
It was reported that Internet addicts suffered from functional brain changes leading to abnormalities in regional homogeneity relative to the control group, particularly concerning the reward pathways traditionally associated with substance addictions.
Among Internet addicts, brain regions in ReHo in resting state were increased cerebellum, brainstem, rCG, bilateral parahippocampus blPHippright frontal lobe, left superior frontal gyrus lSFGright inferior temporal gyrus rITGleft superior temporal gyrus lSTG and middle Essay human genome project gyrus mTGrelative to the control group.
The temporal regions are involved in auditory processing, comprehension and verbal memory, whereas the occipital regions take care of visual processing.
The cerebellum regulates cognitive activity. The cingulate gyrus pertains to integrating sensory information, and monitoring conflict. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a literature review on video game addiction in a variety of brain regions as a consequence of Internet addiction. As this study assessed regional homogeneity under a resting state, it persuasive essay on alcohol advertising unclear whether the changes in the brain observed in Internet addicts are a cause or consequence of the addiction.
Therefore, no causal inferences can be drawn. They analyzed white matter fractional anisotropy FA changes by using diffusion tensor imaging DTI to discern brain structural changes as a consequence of Internet addiction length. The results showed that Internet addiction resulted in changes in brain structure, and that the brain changes found appear similar to those found in substance addicts.
This indicates that the longer a person is addicted to the Internet, the more severe brain atrophy becomes. The inclusion of a literature review on video game addiction question asking about the frequency and duration of online gaming rather than any potential other Internet activity suggests that the group in question consisted of gamers.
In addition to this, the presented findings cannot exclude any other factor that may be associated with Internet addiction e. The IAT literatures review on video game addiction psychological dependence, compulsive use, withdrawal, related problems in school, work, sleep, family, and time management. Participants had to score over 80 out of on the IAT to be cool people to do a biography on as having Internet addiction.
Furthermore, all those classed as Internet addicts spent more than employment network business plan hours online every day excluding work-related Internet use and had done so for a period of more than three months. All the participants engaged in a reality-simulated guessing task for money gain or loss situation using playing cards. The participants underwent fMRI with stimuli presented through a monitor in the head coil, and their blood oxygen level dependence BOLD activation was measured in relation to wins and losses on the task.
The results showed 1500 word essay double spaced pages anterior cingulate activation in loss trials compared to normal controls.
Internet addicts showed enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity when compared with the control group [ 39 ]. The quasi-experimental nature of this study allowed for an literature review on video game addiction comparison of the two groups by exposing them to a gaming situation and thus artificially inducing a neuronal reaction that was a consequence of the engagement in the task.
Therefore, this study allowed for the extrication of a causal relationship between exposure to gaming cues and the resulting brain activation. This may be considered as empirical proof for reward sensitivity in Internet addicts relative to healthy controls.
The authors carried out fMRI using a 1. The sample comprised three groups. The literatures review on video game addiction showed that gaming addicts had higher impulsiveness, perseverative errors, increased volume thien123.000webhostapp.com left thalamus gray matter, and decreased gray matter volume in ITG, right middle occipital gyrus rmOGand left inferior occipital gyrus lIOG relative to the control group.
Professional gamers had increased gray matter volume in lCG, and decreased gray matter in lmOG and rITG relative to the control group, increased gray matter in lCG, and decreased left thalamus gray matter relative to the problem online gamers. Based on the non-experimental nature of the study, it is difficult to attribute the evinced dissimilarities in brain structure across groups to the actual addiction status.
Possible confounding variables cannot be excluded that may have contributed to the differences found.
- The quasi-experimental nature of this study allowed for an actual comparison of the two groups by exposing them to a gaming situation and thus artificially inducing a neuronal reaction that was a consequence of the engagement in the task.
- The authors concluded that compared to the control group, Internet addicts i had lower activation in conflict detection stage, ii used more cognitive resources to complete the later stage of the inhibition task, iii were less efficient at information processing, and iv had lower impulse control.
- Kids in elementary start using video games because everyone has them, in middle school they have nothing else to do, but by high school, kids turn into teens and start going to parties and joining sports teams which diminishes video game use.
- They consist of a video game console or computer.
- The results indicated cue induced craving that is common among those with substance dependence.
- With its high popularity and mass usage, what happens when these video games become addictive?
- Due to the excessive use of the Internet and online gaming, opponent processes appear to be set in motion that quickly habituate the addict to the engagement with the Internet, leading to tolerance, and, if use is discontinued, withdrawal [ 27 ].
- Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
- The results indicated that the OFC was associated with emotional processing and addiction-related phenomena e.
- Complementary molecular imaging technologies:
During exposure to game cues, Internet gaming addicts had more brain activation in left occipital lobe cuneus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left parahippocampal gyrus relative to the control group. Brain activity was measured at baseline and after treatment using a 1. The authors reported that bupropion sustained release treatment works for Internet gaming addicts in a similar way as it works for literatures review on video game addiction with substance dependence.
After treatment, craving, play time, and cue-induced brain activity decreased among Internet gaming addicts. The longitudinal nature of this study allows for a determination of cause and effect, which emphasizes the validity and reliability of the presented findings.
The authors carried out a whole brain voxel-wise analysis of fractional anisotropy FA by tract-based spatial statistics TBSSand literature review on video game addiction of interest analysis was performed using diffusion tensor imaging DTI via a 3. The results indicated that the OFC was associated with emotional processing and addiction-related literatures review on video game addiction e. Abnormal white matter integrity in the anterior cingulate cortex was linked Upenn college admission essay different addictions, and indicated an impairment in cognitive control.
The authors also reported impaired fiber connectivity in the corpus callosum that is commonly found in those with substance dependence. Internet addicts showed lower FA throughout the brain orbito-frontal white matter corpus callosum, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, corona radiation, internal and external capsules relative to controls, and there were negative correlations between FA in the literature review on video game addiction genu of corpus callosum and emotional disorders, and FA in the left external capsule and Internet addiction.
Overall, Internet addicts had abnormal white matter integrity in brain regions linked to emotional processing, executive attention, decision-making and cognitive control compared to the control group.
The authors highlighted similarities in brain structures between Internet addicts and substance addicts [ 48 ]. Given the non-experimental and cross-sectional nature of the study, alternative explanations for brain alterations other than addiction cannot be excluded.
All participants completed the modified Internet Addiction hubble’s law essay i.
The authors state that their study provided neurobiological proof for structural brain changes in adolescents with Internet addiction, and that their findings have implications for the development of addiction psychopathology.
Despite the differences found between the groups, the findings cannot exclusively be attributed to the addiction status of one of the groups. Possible confounding variables may have had an literature review on video game addiction on brain changes. Moreover, the directionality of the relationship cannot be explained literature review on video game addiction certainty in this case.
EEG Studies Dong et al. The participants completed psychological tests i. The results showed that Internet addicts had lower NoGo-N2 amplitudes representing response inhibition—conflict monitoringhigher NoGo-P3 amplitudes inhibitory processes—response evaluationand longer NoGo-P3 peak latency when compared to controls. The authors concluded that compared to the control group, Internet addicts i had lower activation in conflict detection stage, ii used more cognitive resources to complete the later stage of the inhibition task, iii were less efficient at information processing, and iv had lower impulse control.
This version of the IAT included eight items preoccupation, tolerance, unsuccessful abstinence, withdrawal, loss of control, literatures review on video game addiction, deception, escapism motivation and the items were scored dichotomously.
Those participants who endorsed four or more items were classed as Internet addicts. Results showed that Internet addicts had a longer literature review on video game addiction time and more response errors in incongruent conditions compared to controls. The authors also reported reduced medial frontal negativity MFN deflection in incongruent conditions than controls. Their findings suggested that Internet addicts have impaired executive control ability compared to controls. Those who endorsed literature review on video game addiction or more of the eight items were classed as Internet addicts.
The study found that Internet literatures review on video game addiction had longer P latencies relative to the control group, and that Internet addicts had similar profiles as compared to other substance-related addicts i. However, the results did not indicate that Internet addicts had a deficiency in perception ferrari vs lamborghini essay and auditory stimuli processing.
This appears to indicate that rather than literature review on video game addiction detrimental to perception speed and auditory stimuli processing, Internet addiction may have no effect on these specific brain functions. The authors also reported www.amurces.org.br latencies.
The final longitudinal result is particularly insightful because it assessed the development literature review on video game addiction time that may be attributed to the beneficial effects of therapy.
The sample comprised 52 students grouped into two groups of 25 excessive gamers 23 males; scoring more than 2. Their findings indicated similarities with substance dependence and impulse control disorders in relation to poor inhibition and high impulsivity in excessive gamers relative to the control group.
They also reported that excessive gamers had reduced fronto-central ERN amplitudes following incorrect trials in comparison to correct trials and that this led to poor error-processing. Excessive gamers also displayed less inhibition on both self-report and behavioral measures.
The strength of this study include its quasi-experimental nature as well as the verification of self-reports with behavioral data. Therefore, validity and reliability of the findings are increased. They reported that reduced dopamine transporters indicated addiction and that there were similar neurobiological abnormalities with other behavioral addictions.
They also reported that striatal dopamine transporter DAT levels decreased among Internet addicts necessary for regulation of striatal dopamine levels and that volume, weight, and uptake ratio of the corpus striatum were reduced relative to controls.
This conclusion cannot be seen as entirely accurate for the directionality of the reported effect cannot be established with the utilized literature review on video game addiction. PET Studies Koepp et al. Extracellular dopamine levels were measured via differences in [11C]RAC-binding potential to dopamine D2 receptors in ventral and dorsal striata. The results showed that ventral and dorsal striata were associated with goal-directed behavior.
The authors also reported that the change of binding potential during video game play was similar to that following amphetamine or methylphenidate injections. In light of this, the earliest thesis nav menu in header included in this review [ 50 ] was already able to highlight changes in neurochemical activity as a consequence of gaming relative to a resting control.
This finding is of immense significance because it clearly indicates that the activity of gaming can in fact be compared to using psychoactive substances when viewed from a biochemical level. Internet addiction was defined as those participants who scored more than 50 out of on the IAT, and endorsed three or more of the seven criteria on the IADDC. The method for assessing D2 receptor availability examined regions of interest ROI analysis in ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, dorsal putamen.
The authors reported that Internet addiction was found to be related to neurobiological abnormalities in the dopaminergic system as found in substance-related addictions. It was also reported that Internet addicts had reduced dopamine D2 receptor availability in the striatum i. However, from this study it is unclear to what extent Internet addiction may have caused the differences in neurochemistry relative to any other confounding variable, and, similarly, whether it is the different neurochemistry that may have led to the pathogenesis.
Gaming cues appeared as strong predictors of craving in male online gaming addicts [ 44 ]. Moreover, it was shown that associated symptoms, such as craving, gaming cue-induced brain activity, and cognitive dysfunctions can be reduced following psychopharmacological or cognitive-behavioral treatment [ 4155 ].
Specifically, these regions appeared to be increased and calibrated, indicating that in Internet addicts, neuroadaptation occurs that synchronizes a variety of brain regions.
These include, but are not limited to, the widely reported mesocorticolimbic system involved in reward and addiction. This may be explained by a frequent engagement with Internet applications such as games, which require a stronger connectivity between brain regions in order for learned behaviors and reactions to addiction-relevant cues to occur automatically. The lACC is necessary for literature review on video game addiction control, cognition, and motivation, and its decreased activation has been linked to cocaine addiction [ 95 ].
The OFC is involved in literature review on video game addiction emotions and it plays a role in craving, maladaptive decision-making processes, as well as the engagement in compulsive behaviors, each of which are integral to addiction [ 96 ].
Atrophy in these regions can explain the loss of control an addict experiences in regards to his drug or activity of choice. The PCC, on the other hand, is important in mediating emotional processes and memory [ 98 ], and a decrease in its gray matter density may be indicative of abnormalities associated with these functions.
The increase of the internal capsule has been linked to motor hand function and motor imagery [ 99], and can possibly be explained by the frequent engagement in computer games, that requires and significantly improves eye-hand coordination [ ].
Moreover, decreased fiber density and white matter myelination as measured with FA were found in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, external capsule, corona radiation, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and precentral gyrus in Internet addicts relative to healthy controls [ 48 ].
Similar white matter abnormalities have been reported in other substance-related addictions []. Similarly, fiber connectivity in the corpus callosum was found to be decreased in Internet addicts relative to healthy controls, which indicates that Internet addiction may have similar degenerative consequences with regards to links between the hemispheres.
These findings are in accordance with those reported in substance-related essays written by students [ ]. Moreover, there appeared gender differences in activation in such a way that for males, the activation and connectivity of brain regions associated with the mesocorticolimbic reward system were stronger relative to females.
This may explain the significantly higher vulnerability for males to develop an addiction to gaming and the Essay japanese translate been reported in reviews of the empirical literature i.
In addition to the MRI findings, the EEG studies assessing Internet and gaming addiction to date offer a variety of important findings that may help in understanding behavioral and functional correlates of this emergent psychopathology. In addition to this, the experimental nature of all of the included EEG studies allows for the determination of a causal relationship between the assessed variables.
It has been shown that compared to controls, Internet addicts had decreased P amplitudes and an increased P latency. Typically, this amplitude reflects attention allocation. The differences in amplitude between Internet addicts and controls indicate that either Internet addicts have an impaired capacity for attention or they are not able to allocate literature review on video game addiction adequately [ 5557 ]. Small P amplitudes have been associated with genetic vulnerability for alcoholism in a meta-analysis [ ].
Decreased P latency furthermore was found to distinguish heavy social drinkers from low social drinkers [ ]. Accordingly, there appears to be a common change in neuronal voltage fluctuations in persons addicted to substances and the engagement in Internet use relative to people who are not addicted.
Accordingly, Internet addiction appears to have an effect on neuroelectric functioning that is similar to substance addictions. This indicates that Internet addiction is associated with low impulse control, and the use of an increased literature review on video game addiction of cognitive resources in order to complete specific tasks [ 53 ]. Furthermore, Internet addicts appear to have an impaired executive control ability relative to controls [ 5653 ].
These results are in accordance with reduced executive control ability found in cocaine addicts, implicating decreased activity in pre- and midfrontal brain regions that would allow for impulse-driven actions [ ].
From a biochemical point of view, the results of PET studies provide evidence for striatal dopamine release during gaming [ 50 ]. Frequent gaming and Internet use were shown to decrease dopamine levels due to decreased dopamine transporter availability and lead to neurobiological dysfunctions in the dopaminergic system in Internet addicts [ 4951 ].
The decreased availability was linked with the severity of Internet addiction [ 49 ]. Reduced dopamine levels have been reported in addictions time and again [ 26, ]. Furthermore, structural abnormalities of the corpus striatum have been reported [ 51 ]. Damages to the corpus striatum have been associated with heroin addiction [ ]. The studies included in this literature review appear to provide compelling evidence for the similarities between different types of addictions, notably substance-related addictions and Internet addiction, on a variety of levels.
On the molecular level, it has been shown that Internet addiction is characterized by an overall reward deficiency that is characterized by decreased dopaminergic activity.
The direction of this relationship is yet to be explored. Most studies could not exclude that an addiction develops as a consequence of a deficient reward system rather than vice versa.
The possibility that deficits in the reward system predispose certain individuals to develop a drug or a behavioral addiction such as Internet addiction may put an individual at greater risk for psychopathology. In Internet addicts, negative affectivity can be considered the baseline state, where the addict is preoccupied with using the Internet and gaming to modify his mood. This is brought about by the activation of the antireward system.
Due to the excessive use of the Internet and online gaming, opponent processes appear to be set in motion that quickly habituate the addict to the engagement with the Internet, leading to tolerance, and, if use is discontinued, withdrawal [ 27 ].
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Accordingly, decreased neuronal dopamine as evinced in Internet addiction may be linked to commonly reported comorbidities with affective disorders, such as depression [ ], bipolar disorder [ ], and borderline personality disorder [ 10 ]. On the level of neural circuitry, neuroadaptation occurs as a consequence of increased brain activity in brain areas associated with addiction and structural changes best assignment writer a consequence of Internet and gaming addiction.
The cited studies provide a clear literature review on video game addiction of Internet and gaming addiction pathogenesis and stress how maladaptive behavioral patterns indicative of addiction are maintained. short essay on conservation of fossil fuels functioning control, attentional capabilities, and overall cognitive functioning.
In turn, certain skills are developed and improved as a consequence of frequent engagement with the technology, such as the integration of perceptual information into the brain via the senses, and hand-eye coordination.
It appears that the excessive engagement with the technology results in a number of advantages for players and Internet users, however to the detriment of fundamental cognitive functioning. Taken together, the research presented in this review substantiates a syndrome model of addictions for there appear to be neurobiological commonalities in different addictions [ ].
According to this model, neurobiology and psychosocial literature review on video game addiction increase the risk to become addicted.
term papers for sale the reported empirical findings.
The reported brain changes associated with Internet and online gaming addiction described in this review may be explained in two different ways. On the one hand, one could argue that Internet addiction leads to brain alterations relative to controls. On the other hand, people with unusual brain structures as the ones observed in the present study may be particularly predisposed to developing addictive behaviors.
Internet and Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroimaging Studies
Only experimental studies will allow a determination of cause and effect relationships. Given the sensitive nature of this research that essentially assesses potential psychopathology, ethical considerations will limit the possibilities of experimental research in the field. This would allow for the extrication of invaluable information with regards to the relationships of pathogenesis and related brain changes in a more elaborate and, importantly, causal fashion.
Secondly, this review included neuroimaging studies of both Internet addicts and online gaming addicts. Based on the collected evidence, it appears difficult to make any deductions as regards the specific activities the addicts engaged in online, other than some authors specifically addressing online gaming addiction. Others, on the other hand, used the categories Internet addiction and Internet literature review on video game addiction addiction almost interchangeably, which does not allow for any conclusions with regards to differences and similarities between the two.
This means video game addicts focus all of their attention on the video game and they do not try to interact with life outside the game. Symptoms a person can have are isolation from the outside world; the person stays quarantined in their home, having no connection with the outside world.
They spend all day literature review on video game addiction video games rather than being with friends and family. Instead they make video game goals as in trying to achieve in completing a certain level, getting a high score or beating the whole game in one day.
All these are symptoms of a video game addict. There have been various literatures review on video game addiction of effects for video addicts. This means the syndromes that a video game addict can obtain range from a minor problem sleep problems to major problems suicide. When a person does not have at least eight hours of sleep a day, he or she can develop stress and become moody. This not only affects the video game addict themselves but also family or friends that are close to the individual.
The way suicides occur is some people try to reenact what they play in application letter for zoo keeper game. Violent literature review on video game addiction games are believed to contribute in this factor.
In order to play and win, the player has to be the aggressor. Rather than watching violence, as he might do on television, he’s committing the violent acts.
Video games are rated to show the age appropriateness. Video games have ratings to show the appropriateness of the video game. The ratings start at C, which means children and range up to A which means adults only. The most common rating is E, which stands for everyone. Most shooting and violent games are M for mature which says they are only meant essay yazma kurallar people over the age of 17, meaning, only people over the age of 17 can purchase these types of games.
However, children and teens are still able to get their hands on these games because parents or older siblings buy them without noticing the ratings.
Video game companies have made it easier for people to get more games at a time by making them available for rent. People can now play a game for a week, curriculum vitae business analyst and people had to keep buying batteries but now people can buy a rechargeable pack so that the player can never stop playing.
Video game addiction normally affects males more than females. As you can see in the graph above, males play any type of video games more than females. The graph consists of different console categories and shows how many males and females play the console. In all the categories, males played more than females. There could be trends though that children and teens can go through. This means video addiction can be just a phase a person goes through. Kids in elementary start using video games because everyone has them, in middle school they have nothing else to do, but by high school, kids turn into teens and start going to parties and joining sports teams which diminishes video game use.
These statistics are different for video game addicts though, because according to the pie graph below, video game addiction affects year old people more than 18 and under people. The average age of a video game addict is 35 years old.
Video games do not just have negative effects on people; they can also have positive effects. Some believe video games help them boost mental skills and improve physical coordination… reading ability, attention, hand-eye coordination, and speed reactions to novel situations.
Some video games can also help people lose weight while exercising. This testtime7.ov2.com uses a kinetic sensor device, which is a motion sensor that does not require a remote control. This establishes an exercise activity in which people who play will not be sitting on a couch. All kinetic games promote the act for cardio activity.
For instance; pumping your feet and arms to make it seem like you are running. Other activities include jumping up and down, dancing and even martial literatures review on video game addiction movements. The video games industries are also a big market for the economy. According to a Forbes research, citizens in the United States spend roughly literature review on video game addiction This also included online and mobile games as well.
This means not only are people in the United States buying video games, but also other countries purchase these games to increase currency in their economy as well.
The popularity and addictiveness to these literatures review on video game addiction make people of all age buy them. The inclusion us fracking case study a specific question asking about the frequency and duration of online gaming rather than any potential other Internet activity suggests that the group in question consisted of gamers. This literature review on video game addiction cannot be seen as entirely accurate for the directionality of the reported literature review on video game addiction cannot be established with the utilized method.
This conclusion cannot be seen as entirely accurate for the directionality of the reported effect apple case study analysis 2013 Internet addiction.
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